Effectiveness of Three Classical Leadership Styles Essay - 10

Effectiveness of Three Classical Leadership Styles - Essay Example Differences between leadership and management entail the scope, nature, and objectives. While management may merely pertain to the administrative work and organization, leadership entails the guidance, the direction setting, leading from the front and setting examples. The domain of work of a leader is far broader than the management handling individual. Leader’s span of command and control may also be an expanded one as compared to management. A leader can be a manager, but a manager may not be necessarily a leader. Open systems and closed systems based organizations are the two broad line categories of organizational structure. The former pertains to the kind of organization where the interactive environment is observed and the stakeholders are invited from outside. The closed system, in contrast, comprises a substantially conservative and closed-ended system with little interactive environment and activities towards the outer world and other enterprises. The chances of progress and development are relatively higher in the case of open system based organizations. Closed organizations are often effective in case of small to medium scale projects and businesses (Tokoro, 2010 ¸p. 6). Theory X and Theory Y are two different terminologies and concepts used in the field of sociology as well as administrative management. It pertains to the leadership style, the individuals’ mindsets, their aptitude, and tendency towards the kind of environment they work in and they find themselves comfortable in. Theory X, in particular, is related to the kind of individuals who take risks, take initiatives and want to lead from the front. They do not have the fear element.  

Article literature review Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Article literature review - Essay Example To determine the degree of standardization of advertising practice in perfumes, apparel and cosmetics in five European countries, a research study, with the use of content analysis, was conducted by using several editions of Vogue magazine. Prior to the study, it has been recognized by Sommers and Kernan that standardization of advertisements is â€Å"possible when the product serves the same needs across culture such as beauty, love and fear† (Seitz & Johar, 1993). This is the reason why the products that will be included in the study are perfumes, cosmetics and apparel, which are all considered beauty products. The three brands of perfume covered by the study were Yves Saint Laurent â€Å"Y†, Paloma Picasso and Lancome Tresor. The apparels included were Guess, Chanel and Giorgio Armani. Helena Rubinstein, Guerlain and Lancome Definicils were the cosmetic brands included. The countries chosen for the study are Spain, Italy, France, Germany and UK because of its very di verse cultures. The different print advertisements of the said products were examined according to picture, size, color, general layout, caption and explanatory text (Seitz & Johar, 1993). The results of the study confirmed the hypothesis that perfume advertisements were more standardized than apparel or cosmetics (Seitz & Johar, 1993). Moreover, the study also corroborated that â€Å"apparel advertisements were more localized than perfume or cosmetics† (Seitz & Johar, 1993). The study made presents itself as a guide for European advertisers who must take into consideration the anticipated development that the different European countries will continue to merge into a single market; thus, a need to have a unified brand image (Seitz & Johar, 1993). Having standardized advertisements will benefit global companies as it would mean economies of scale in advertising expenditures. Advertisers however must