Behistun Inscription - Message to the Persian Empire

The Behistun inscription (also spelled Bisitun or Bisotun and typically abbreviated as DB for Darius Bisitun) is a 6th century BCE Persian Empire carving. The ancient billboard includes four panels of cuneiform writing around a set of three-dimensional figures, cut deep into a limestone cliff. The figures are carved 300 feet (90 meters) above the Royal Road of the Achaemenids, known today as the Kermanshah-Tehran highway in Iran. Fast Facts: Behistun Steel Name of Work:  Behistun InscriptionArtist or Architect: Darius the Great, ruled 522–486 BCEStyle/Movement: Parallel CuneiformTextPeriod: Persian EmpireHeight: 120 feetWidth: 125 feetType of Work: Carved inscriptionCreated/Built: 520–518 BCEMedium: Carved Limestone BedrockLocation: Near Bisotun, IranOffbeat Fact: The earliest known example of political propagandaLanguages: Old Persian, Elamite, Akkadian The carving is located near the town of Bisotun, Iran, about 310 miles (500 kilometers) from Tehran and about 18 mi (30 km) from Kermanshah. The figures show the crowned Persian king Darius I stepping on Guatama (his predecessor and rival) and nine rebel leaders standing before him connected by ropes around their necks. The figures measure some 60x10.5 ft (18x3.2 m) and the four panels of text more than double the overall size, creating an irregular rectangle of approximately 200x120 ft (60x35 m), with the lowest part of the carving some 125 ft (38 m) above the road. Behistun Text The writing on the Behistun inscription, like the Rosetta Stone, is a parallel text, a type of linguistic text that consists of two or more strings of written language placed alongside each other so they can be easily compared. The Behistun inscription is recorded in three different languages: in this case, cuneiform versions of Old Persian, Elamite, and a form of Neo-Babylonian called Akkadian. Like the Rosetta Stone, the Behistun text greatly assisted in the decipherment of those ancient languages: the inscription includes the earliest known use of Old Persian, a sub-branch of Indo-Iranian. A version of the Behistun inscription written in Aramaic (the same language of the Dead Sea Scrolls) was discovered on a papyrus scroll in Egypt, probably written during the early years of the reign of Darius II, about a century after the DB was carved into the rocks. See Tavernier (2001) for more specifics about the Aramaic script. Royal Propaganda The text of the Behistun inscription describes the early military campaigns of the Achaemenid rule King Darius I (522 to 486 BCE). The inscription, carved shortly after Dariuss accession to the throne between 520 and 518 BCE, gives autobiographical, historical, royal and religious information about Darius: the Behistun text is one of several pieces of propaganda establishing Dariuss right to rule. The text also includes Dariuss genealogy, a list of the ethnic groups subject to him, how his accession occurred, several failed revolts against him, a list of his royal virtues, instructions to future generations and how the text was created.   What It Means Most scholars agree that the Behistun inscription is a bit of political bragging. Dariuss main purpose was to establish the legitimacy of his claim to Cyrus the Greats throne, to which he had no blood connection. Other bits of Dariuss braggadocio are found in others of these trilingual passages, as well as big architectural projects at Persepolis and Susa, and the burial places of Cyrus at Pasargadae and his own at Naqsh-i-Rustam. Historian Jennifer Finn (2011) noted that the location of the cuneiform is too far above the road to be read, and few people were likely literate in any language anyway when the inscription was made. She suggests that the written portion was meant not only for public consumption but that there was likely a ritual component, that the text was a message to the cosmos about the king. Translations and Interpretations Henry Rawlinson is credited with the first successful translation in English, scrambling up the cliff in 1835, and publishing his text in 1851. The 19th-century Persian scholar Mohammad Hasan Khan Etemad al-Saltaneh (1843–96) published the first Persian translation of the Behistun translation. He noted but disputed the then-current idea that Darius or Dara might have been matched to King Lohrasp of the Zoroastrian religious and Persian epic traditions.   Israeli historian Nadav Naaman has suggested (2015) that the Behistun inscription may have been a source for the Old Testament story of Abrahams victory over the four powerful Near Eastern kings. Sources Alibaigi, Sajjad, Kamal Aldin Niknami, and Shokouh Khosravi. The Location of the Parthian City of Bagistana in Bistoun, Kermanshah: A Proposal. Iranica Antiqua 47 (2011): 117–31. Print.Briant, Pierre. History of the Persian Empire (550–330 BC). Forgotten Empire: The World of Ancient Persia. Eds. Curtis, John E., and Nigel Tallis. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2005. 12–17. Print.Daryaee, Touraj. Persianate Contribution to the Study of Antiquity: Etemad Al-Saltanehs Nativisation of the Qajars. Iran 54.1 (2016): 39–45. Print.Ebeling, Signe Oksefjell, and Jarie Ebeling. From Babylon to Bergen: On the Usefulness of Aligned Texts. Bergen Language and Linguistics Studies 3.1 (2013): 23–42. Print.Finn, Jennifer. Gods, Kings, Men: Trilingual Inscriptions and Symbolic Visualizations in the Achaemenid Empire. Ars Orientalis 41 (2011): 219–75. Print.Naaman, Nadav. Abrahams Victory over the Kings of the Four Quadrants in Light of Darius Is Bis itun Inscription. Tel Aviv 42.1 (2015): 72–88. Print.Olmstead, A. T. Darius and His Behistun Inscription. The American Journal of Semitic Languages and Literatures 55.4 (1938): 392–416. Print.Rawlinson, H. C. Memoir on the Babylonian and Assyrian Inscriptions. Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland 14 (1851): i–16. Print.Tavernier, Jan. An Achaemenid Royal Inscription: The Text of Paragraph 13 of the Aramaic Version of the Bisitun Inscription. Journal of Near Eastern Studies 60.3 (2001): 61–176. Print.Wilson-Wright, Aren. From Persepolis to Jerusalem: A Reevaluation of Old Persian-Hebrew Contact in the Achaemenid Period. Vetus Testamentum 65.1 (2015): 152–67. Print.

The Effects Of Cheap Labor Bad Jobs At Bad Wages - 1113 Words

Currently there are 168 million child laborers in the world. More than half of them, 85 million, employed at hazardous jobs, according to the International Labour Organization. In the article â€Å"In Praise of Cheap Labor Bad jobs at bad wages are better than no jobs at all†, Paul Krugman Professor of economics at MIT, explains that child labor cannot just be wiped away like so many other distasteful practices. That it takes a perfect storm of economic success and low child labor numbers for a full transition to labor laws that ban it. Employers will agree to follow the law; similar to what happened in the U.S. in the 1930’s when Congress passed the Fair Labor Standards Act. This Act established standards for the basic minimum wage and overtime pay. It restricts the hours that children under age 16 can work and forbids the employment of children under age 18 in certain jobs deemed too dangerous. Krugman believes that many developing countries are not at a point where t hey can support a full ban on child labor. He gives the example of countries like â€Å"Indonesia [who are,] still so poor that progress is measured in terms of how much the average person gets to eat† (Krugman 4). Professor of economics at Yale university, Christopher Udry, in his article â€Å"Child Labor† provides a definition of child labor as â€Å" the sacrifice of the future welfare of the child in exchange for additional income† (243). The causes of Child labor are not as simple as cultural or economic reasons, and aShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of The Film Wal Town 1745 Words   |  7 PagesChanghua Zheng and Suqin Zheng encounter while embarking on their yearly journey to their village, revealing the torment of this migration on their work and personal life. The couple works in a garment factory in Guangzhou, China working in physical labor; away from their poor rural hometown. 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Debate between booker T and dubois free essay sample

The debate between Booker T. Washington and W. E. B. Dubois turned out to be one of the greatest intellectual as well as inspiring battles in our United States history. This great debate sparked the interest of African Americans and whites throughout the entire country. Both men had distinct views on how blacks should go about progressing politically, socially, as well as financially here in the United States. Both Du Bois and Washington wanted African-Americans to have the same rights as white Americans; But Du Bois encouraged African-Americans to demand equal rights, while Washington, on the other hand, often ignored discrimination. He believed that it was important for blacks to develop good relationships with whites because He was afraid that blacks who demanded equal rights would create bitterness between themselves and white Americans. Dubois ridiculed Mr. Washington’s tactics believing Washington’s accommodations program asked blacks to give up political power, insistence on civil rights, and higher education for Negro youth. We will write a custom essay sample on Debate between booker T and dubois or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Although Bois was ridiculed by these tactics he still respected him he says â€Å"Among his own people, however, Mr. Washington has encountered the strongest and most lasting opposition, amounting at times to bitterness, and even today continuing strong and insistent even though largely silenced in outward expression by the public opinion of the nation. Some of this opposition is, of course, mere envy; the disappointment of displaced demagogues and the spite of narrow minds† (W. E. B Dubois 3) While their strategy may have differed, both of these remarkable men had a common goal in the uplift of the black community. Born into slavery on April 5, 1856 Booker T. Washington would become an educator, author, and before his passing one of the most influential leaders during his time. Mr. Washington views for social, economic and political growth differed immensely from his counterpart w. e. b Dubois. Unlike Washington web Dubois grew up free in a community that was relatively tenant and integrated, he would become the first African American to graduate with a doctorate from Harvard University. Booker did not believe having equal rights was a necessity evident by the Atlanta compromise speech Washington says In all things purely social we can be as separate as the five fingers, and yet one as the hand in all things essential to mutual progress. (Washington). Booker T. Washington main focus was on having education for real life jobs that he believed would eventually turn African Americans in an economic powerhouse or at least dig themselves out of the financial whole they were already in. He believed by working hard and playing second fiddle to the white man would ultimately give black America the equal rights and respect that they always wanted. WEB Dubois focused on the exact opposite things that of Booker T. Washington. Unlike Washington, Dubois felt that inequality with whites was one of the utmost importance issues facing black America. Dubois demanded for all black citizens to have the right to vote, civic equality, and give our young blacks the right to a proper education. Dubois firmly believed that persistent agitation, political action, and academic education would be the means to achieve full citizenship rights for black Americans. His educational philosophy directly influenced his political approach. He stressed the need for liberal arts training because he believed that in order for blacks to obtain leadership skills was through education at a college. One of the biggest disagreements in philosophies between the two men was over the issue of black suffrage. In terms of voting, Dubois believed that agitating for the ballot was necessary, but opposed giving the vote to the uneducated blacks. He believed that economic gains were not secure unless there was political power to safeguard them. Washington, on the other hand, felt that the right to vote was not a necessity and the only thing that would come out of protesting for voting rights is the irritation of whites. In conclusion, the debate between W. E. B Dubois and Washington was nothing short of remarkable and genius. Although both men had two separate ways about doing things they both shared the same common goal, which was bettering the lives of African Americans. In my opinion, W. E.  B Dubois plan to go strongly for African American rights and equality was the better strategy. Not only did he help bring us together but he gave blacks a sense of self confidence that they didn’t possess before. For once blacks believed not only can you be as good as the white man but better. While some may agree that Mr. Washington’s plan to endure the second citizenship title was only degrading and keeping the black man down. Although Washington had honorable goals Dubois gave the people a strong sense of empowerment and worthiness that has helped the black race grows into what it is today.

Synthesis and Chemistry free essay sample

Salts of the peroxodisulfate ion are relatively stable but in acidic solution they react to give hydrogen peroxide, H2O2: O3S-O-O-SO32- + 2H+ ? HO3S-O-O-SO3H HO3S-O-O-SO3H + H2O ? HO3-O-OH + H2SO4 HO3-O-OH + H2O ? H2O2 Reaction (3) in Table (1) showed no signs of change in the solution upon adding K2S2O8 it can be assumed that the peroxodisulfate ion had been converted to H2O2. CONCLUSION In this experiment, K2S2O8 was synthesized via electrolysis of the aqueous solution of H2SO4 and K2SO4. Using Faraday’s equation, the expected yield was 8. 432 g but only 12% (1.045 g) of this yield was recovered. This can be due to the fact that ideal conditions for maximum yield of K2S2O8 was not maintained (overvoltage, low temperature of solution, etc. ) increasing the oxidation of H2O leading to the production of more O2 gas. The peroxodisulfate anion is also known to be a strong oxidizing agent, even stronger than H2O2 thus comparative tests were done to confirm this. We will write a custom essay sample on Synthesis and Chemistry or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Peroxodisulfate anion also has the ability to serve as a counterion for precipitation by preparing copper (II) complex. An IR spectrum for the product was obtained and sharp peaks at 1297.  61 cm-1 was observed, noting the presence of a C-C bond in the product which can be seen in pyridine’s molecular structure. Sharp peaks at 1047. 24cm-1 and 1069. 29cm-1 were evident accounting for the S=O in the peroxodisulfate anion. Qualitative tests are recommended to confirm the presence of the Cu2+ ion in the collected product. Its capability to be counterion, together with its strong oxidizing property, peroxodisulfate anion allowed for stabilization of the unusual oxidation state of 2+ for silver which was observed by preparing an analogous silver (II) complex. The IR spectrum for the collected product showed the prominent peaks for the S=O from the peroxodisulfate ion (1042. 82cm-1 and1059. 27cm-1) and peaks for the C-C (1303. 61cm-1) and C-H (3028. 39cm-1 and 3097. 87cm-1) from the pyridine. A test for the presence of the silver (II) complex is recommended to confirm the presence and success of this synthesis. Overall, the synthesis for K2S2O8 was a success. Though further investigation is recommended for the distinct properties of the perocodisulfate ion. 3 REFERENCES 1. Girolmi, G. S. ; Rauchfuss, T. B. ; Angelici, R. J. Synthesis and Technique in Inorganic Chemistry: A Laboratory Manual. University Science Books, 1999. 2. Miller, F. ; Wilkins, C. Infrared Spectra and Characteristic Frequencies of Inorganic Ions. Ph. D. Dissertation, Mellon Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, 1952. 3. Szafran, Z. ; Pike, R. M. ; Singh, M. M. Microscale Inorganic Chemistry A Comprehensive Laboratory Experience. Wiley, 1991. 4. Nakamoto, K. Infrared and Raman Spectra of Inorganic and Coordination Compounds, Parts A and B. Wiley, 1997. 5. University of Calgary, Department of Chemistry, Chemistry 331, Inorganic Chemistry: Main Group Elements, Online Lab Manual, Fall 2013, Project #2 pp 33-36.