Behistun Inscription - Message to the Persian Empire

The Behistun inscription (also spelled Bisitun or Bisotun and typically abbreviated as DB for Darius Bisitun) is a 6th century BCE Persian Empire carving. The ancient billboard includes four panels of cuneiform writing around a set of three-dimensional figures, cut deep into a limestone cliff. The figures are carved 300 feet (90 meters) above the Royal Road of the Achaemenids, known today as the Kermanshah-Tehran highway in Iran. Fast Facts: Behistun Steel Name of Work:  Behistun InscriptionArtist or Architect: Darius the Great, ruled 522–486 BCEStyle/Movement: Parallel CuneiformTextPeriod: Persian EmpireHeight: 120 feetWidth: 125 feetType of Work: Carved inscriptionCreated/Built: 520–518 BCEMedium: Carved Limestone BedrockLocation: Near Bisotun, IranOffbeat Fact: The earliest known example of political propagandaLanguages: Old Persian, Elamite, Akkadian The carving is located near the town of Bisotun, Iran, about 310 miles (500 kilometers) from Tehran and about 18 mi (30 km) from Kermanshah. The figures show the crowned Persian king Darius I stepping on Guatama (his predecessor and rival) and nine rebel leaders standing before him connected by ropes around their necks. The figures measure some 60x10.5 ft (18x3.2 m) and the four panels of text more than double the overall size, creating an irregular rectangle of approximately 200x120 ft (60x35 m), with the lowest part of the carving some 125 ft (38 m) above the road. Behistun Text The writing on the Behistun inscription, like the Rosetta Stone, is a parallel text, a type of linguistic text that consists of two or more strings of written language placed alongside each other so they can be easily compared. The Behistun inscription is recorded in three different languages: in this case, cuneiform versions of Old Persian, Elamite, and a form of Neo-Babylonian called Akkadian. Like the Rosetta Stone, the Behistun text greatly assisted in the decipherment of those ancient languages: the inscription includes the earliest known use of Old Persian, a sub-branch of Indo-Iranian. A version of the Behistun inscription written in Aramaic (the same language of the Dead Sea Scrolls) was discovered on a papyrus scroll in Egypt, probably written during the early years of the reign of Darius II, about a century after the DB was carved into the rocks. See Tavernier (2001) for more specifics about the Aramaic script. Royal Propaganda The text of the Behistun inscription describes the early military campaigns of the Achaemenid rule King Darius I (522 to 486 BCE). The inscription, carved shortly after Dariuss accession to the throne between 520 and 518 BCE, gives autobiographical, historical, royal and religious information about Darius: the Behistun text is one of several pieces of propaganda establishing Dariuss right to rule. The text also includes Dariuss genealogy, a list of the ethnic groups subject to him, how his accession occurred, several failed revolts against him, a list of his royal virtues, instructions to future generations and how the text was created.   What It Means Most scholars agree that the Behistun inscription is a bit of political bragging. Dariuss main purpose was to establish the legitimacy of his claim to Cyrus the Greats throne, to which he had no blood connection. Other bits of Dariuss braggadocio are found in others of these trilingual passages, as well as big architectural projects at Persepolis and Susa, and the burial places of Cyrus at Pasargadae and his own at Naqsh-i-Rustam. Historian Jennifer Finn (2011) noted that the location of the cuneiform is too far above the road to be read, and few people were likely literate in any language anyway when the inscription was made. She suggests that the written portion was meant not only for public consumption but that there was likely a ritual component, that the text was a message to the cosmos about the king. Translations and Interpretations Henry Rawlinson is credited with the first successful translation in English, scrambling up the cliff in 1835, and publishing his text in 1851. The 19th-century Persian scholar Mohammad Hasan Khan Etemad al-Saltaneh (1843–96) published the first Persian translation of the Behistun translation. He noted but disputed the then-current idea that Darius or Dara might have been matched to King Lohrasp of the Zoroastrian religious and Persian epic traditions.   Israeli historian Nadav Naaman has suggested (2015) that the Behistun inscription may have been a source for the Old Testament story of Abrahams victory over the four powerful Near Eastern kings. Sources Alibaigi, Sajjad, Kamal Aldin Niknami, and Shokouh Khosravi. The Location of the Parthian City of Bagistana in Bistoun, Kermanshah: A Proposal. Iranica Antiqua 47 (2011): 117–31. Print.Briant, Pierre. History of the Persian Empire (550–330 BC). Forgotten Empire: The World of Ancient Persia. Eds. Curtis, John E., and Nigel Tallis. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2005. 12–17. Print.Daryaee, Touraj. Persianate Contribution to the Study of Antiquity: Etemad Al-Saltanehs Nativisation of the Qajars. Iran 54.1 (2016): 39–45. Print.Ebeling, Signe Oksefjell, and Jarie Ebeling. From Babylon to Bergen: On the Usefulness of Aligned Texts. Bergen Language and Linguistics Studies 3.1 (2013): 23–42. Print.Finn, Jennifer. Gods, Kings, Men: Trilingual Inscriptions and Symbolic Visualizations in the Achaemenid Empire. Ars Orientalis 41 (2011): 219–75. Print.Naaman, Nadav. Abrahams Victory over the Kings of the Four Quadrants in Light of Darius Is Bis itun Inscription. Tel Aviv 42.1 (2015): 72–88. Print.Olmstead, A. T. Darius and His Behistun Inscription. The American Journal of Semitic Languages and Literatures 55.4 (1938): 392–416. Print.Rawlinson, H. C. Memoir on the Babylonian and Assyrian Inscriptions. Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland 14 (1851): i–16. Print.Tavernier, Jan. An Achaemenid Royal Inscription: The Text of Paragraph 13 of the Aramaic Version of the Bisitun Inscription. Journal of Near Eastern Studies 60.3 (2001): 61–176. Print.Wilson-Wright, Aren. From Persepolis to Jerusalem: A Reevaluation of Old Persian-Hebrew Contact in the Achaemenid Period. Vetus Testamentum 65.1 (2015): 152–67. Print.

The Effects Of Cheap Labor Bad Jobs At Bad Wages - 1113 Words

Currently there are 168 million child laborers in the world. More than half of them, 85 million, employed at hazardous jobs, according to the International Labour Organization. In the article â€Å"In Praise of Cheap Labor Bad jobs at bad wages are better than no jobs at all†, Paul Krugman Professor of economics at MIT, explains that child labor cannot just be wiped away like so many other distasteful practices. That it takes a perfect storm of economic success and low child labor numbers for a full transition to labor laws that ban it. Employers will agree to follow the law; similar to what happened in the U.S. in the 1930’s when Congress passed the Fair Labor Standards Act. This Act established standards for the basic minimum wage and overtime pay. It restricts the hours that children under age 16 can work and forbids the employment of children under age 18 in certain jobs deemed too dangerous. Krugman believes that many developing countries are not at a point where t hey can support a full ban on child labor. He gives the example of countries like â€Å"Indonesia [who are,] still so poor that progress is measured in terms of how much the average person gets to eat† (Krugman 4). Professor of economics at Yale university, Christopher Udry, in his article â€Å"Child Labor† provides a definition of child labor as â€Å" the sacrifice of the future welfare of the child in exchange for additional income† (243). The causes of Child labor are not as simple as cultural or economic reasons, and aShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of The Film Wal Town 1745 Words   |  7 PagesChanghua Zheng and Suqin Zheng encounter while embarking on their yearly journey to their village, revealing the torment of this migration on their work and personal life. The couple works in a garment factory in Guangzhou, China working in physical labor; away from their poor rural hometown. 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Debate between booker T and dubois free essay sample

The debate between Booker T. Washington and W. E. B. Dubois turned out to be one of the greatest intellectual as well as inspiring battles in our United States history. This great debate sparked the interest of African Americans and whites throughout the entire country. Both men had distinct views on how blacks should go about progressing politically, socially, as well as financially here in the United States. Both Du Bois and Washington wanted African-Americans to have the same rights as white Americans; But Du Bois encouraged African-Americans to demand equal rights, while Washington, on the other hand, often ignored discrimination. He believed that it was important for blacks to develop good relationships with whites because He was afraid that blacks who demanded equal rights would create bitterness between themselves and white Americans. Dubois ridiculed Mr. Washington’s tactics believing Washington’s accommodations program asked blacks to give up political power, insistence on civil rights, and higher education for Negro youth. We will write a custom essay sample on Debate between booker T and dubois or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Although Bois was ridiculed by these tactics he still respected him he says â€Å"Among his own people, however, Mr. Washington has encountered the strongest and most lasting opposition, amounting at times to bitterness, and even today continuing strong and insistent even though largely silenced in outward expression by the public opinion of the nation. Some of this opposition is, of course, mere envy; the disappointment of displaced demagogues and the spite of narrow minds† (W. E. B Dubois 3) While their strategy may have differed, both of these remarkable men had a common goal in the uplift of the black community. Born into slavery on April 5, 1856 Booker T. Washington would become an educator, author, and before his passing one of the most influential leaders during his time. Mr. Washington views for social, economic and political growth differed immensely from his counterpart w. e. b Dubois. Unlike Washington web Dubois grew up free in a community that was relatively tenant and integrated, he would become the first African American to graduate with a doctorate from Harvard University. Booker did not believe having equal rights was a necessity evident by the Atlanta compromise speech Washington says In all things purely social we can be as separate as the five fingers, and yet one as the hand in all things essential to mutual progress. (Washington). Booker T. Washington main focus was on having education for real life jobs that he believed would eventually turn African Americans in an economic powerhouse or at least dig themselves out of the financial whole they were already in. He believed by working hard and playing second fiddle to the white man would ultimately give black America the equal rights and respect that they always wanted. WEB Dubois focused on the exact opposite things that of Booker T. Washington. Unlike Washington, Dubois felt that inequality with whites was one of the utmost importance issues facing black America. Dubois demanded for all black citizens to have the right to vote, civic equality, and give our young blacks the right to a proper education. Dubois firmly believed that persistent agitation, political action, and academic education would be the means to achieve full citizenship rights for black Americans. His educational philosophy directly influenced his political approach. He stressed the need for liberal arts training because he believed that in order for blacks to obtain leadership skills was through education at a college. One of the biggest disagreements in philosophies between the two men was over the issue of black suffrage. In terms of voting, Dubois believed that agitating for the ballot was necessary, but opposed giving the vote to the uneducated blacks. He believed that economic gains were not secure unless there was political power to safeguard them. Washington, on the other hand, felt that the right to vote was not a necessity and the only thing that would come out of protesting for voting rights is the irritation of whites. In conclusion, the debate between W. E. B Dubois and Washington was nothing short of remarkable and genius. Although both men had two separate ways about doing things they both shared the same common goal, which was bettering the lives of African Americans. In my opinion, W. E.  B Dubois plan to go strongly for African American rights and equality was the better strategy. Not only did he help bring us together but he gave blacks a sense of self confidence that they didn’t possess before. For once blacks believed not only can you be as good as the white man but better. While some may agree that Mr. Washington’s plan to endure the second citizenship title was only degrading and keeping the black man down. Although Washington had honorable goals Dubois gave the people a strong sense of empowerment and worthiness that has helped the black race grows into what it is today.

Synthesis and Chemistry free essay sample

Salts of the peroxodisulfate ion are relatively stable but in acidic solution they react to give hydrogen peroxide, H2O2: O3S-O-O-SO32- + 2H+ ? HO3S-O-O-SO3H HO3S-O-O-SO3H + H2O ? HO3-O-OH + H2SO4 HO3-O-OH + H2O ? H2O2 Reaction (3) in Table (1) showed no signs of change in the solution upon adding K2S2O8 it can be assumed that the peroxodisulfate ion had been converted to H2O2. CONCLUSION In this experiment, K2S2O8 was synthesized via electrolysis of the aqueous solution of H2SO4 and K2SO4. Using Faraday’s equation, the expected yield was 8. 432 g but only 12% (1.045 g) of this yield was recovered. This can be due to the fact that ideal conditions for maximum yield of K2S2O8 was not maintained (overvoltage, low temperature of solution, etc. ) increasing the oxidation of H2O leading to the production of more O2 gas. The peroxodisulfate anion is also known to be a strong oxidizing agent, even stronger than H2O2 thus comparative tests were done to confirm this. We will write a custom essay sample on Synthesis and Chemistry or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Peroxodisulfate anion also has the ability to serve as a counterion for precipitation by preparing copper (II) complex. An IR spectrum for the product was obtained and sharp peaks at 1297.  61 cm-1 was observed, noting the presence of a C-C bond in the product which can be seen in pyridine’s molecular structure. Sharp peaks at 1047. 24cm-1 and 1069. 29cm-1 were evident accounting for the S=O in the peroxodisulfate anion. Qualitative tests are recommended to confirm the presence of the Cu2+ ion in the collected product. Its capability to be counterion, together with its strong oxidizing property, peroxodisulfate anion allowed for stabilization of the unusual oxidation state of 2+ for silver which was observed by preparing an analogous silver (II) complex. The IR spectrum for the collected product showed the prominent peaks for the S=O from the peroxodisulfate ion (1042. 82cm-1 and1059. 27cm-1) and peaks for the C-C (1303. 61cm-1) and C-H (3028. 39cm-1 and 3097. 87cm-1) from the pyridine. A test for the presence of the silver (II) complex is recommended to confirm the presence and success of this synthesis. Overall, the synthesis for K2S2O8 was a success. Though further investigation is recommended for the distinct properties of the perocodisulfate ion. 3 REFERENCES 1. Girolmi, G. S. ; Rauchfuss, T. B. ; Angelici, R. J. Synthesis and Technique in Inorganic Chemistry: A Laboratory Manual. University Science Books, 1999. 2. Miller, F. ; Wilkins, C. Infrared Spectra and Characteristic Frequencies of Inorganic Ions. Ph. D. Dissertation, Mellon Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, 1952. 3. Szafran, Z. ; Pike, R. M. ; Singh, M. M. Microscale Inorganic Chemistry A Comprehensive Laboratory Experience. Wiley, 1991. 4. Nakamoto, K. Infrared and Raman Spectra of Inorganic and Coordination Compounds, Parts A and B. Wiley, 1997. 5. University of Calgary, Department of Chemistry, Chemistry 331, Inorganic Chemistry: Main Group Elements, Online Lab Manual, Fall 2013, Project #2 pp 33-36.

Winter Dreams by F. Scott Fitzgerald Essay Example

Winter Dreams by F. Scott Fitzgerald Essay Winter Dreams by F. Scott Fitzgerald was published in nineteen twenty-two in the Metropolitan Magazine.   Fitzgerald was labeled the spokesperson for the reckless youth of the nineteen twenties and for a good reason.   He was a part of this reckless youth, he was eloquent, and he had an insight of where it would lead that the others did not.   The theme of the short story is Fitzgerald’s insight to those who get carried away in attaining the American Dream and see it as an attainment for wealth and only wealth and how that alone does not make an individual happy.Dexter Green, the protagonist, comes from an upper middle class family and is dissatisfied from his youth.   He wants to attain wealth and the all of the things in life that he associates with the wealthy.   Golfing, belonging to a country club, and possessing the richest girl in town are all things that Dexter thinks he has to have to prove that he has achieved his goal.   He does become a wealthy man, he comes home to be accepted in the social circles where he was once only good enough to work, but he has not achieved the goal of obtaining Judy Jones, the daughter of the wealthiest man in town. Judy Jones is a horrible person who does not know how to love, yet what she represents means more to Dexter than the person He is not satisfied with what he has, because he cannot have it all.   Fitzgerald saw this as becoming a problem with the materialistic attitudes of the nineteen twenties.   Today it is easy to look back and see that if those living then would have just realized what they had, and appreciated things, then the crash of twenty-nine might not have happened.   Even though it is easy to see this now when one looks back, it is difficult to internalize about the present generation.Fitzgerald’s style is evident in Winter Dreams because he uses his characteristic descriptive details and his realistic dialogue.   Fitzgerald was a melancholy person, and in his writin g he points out the sins of his generations and generations to come, but it is obvious through his tone that he feels that people will not learn from their mistakes and will be doomed to repeat them.   The substitution of the word winter for American when it comes to dreams is symbolic of the things that are cold with no feeling and glitter in the sunlight.   They also melt away when warmth is applied.   This short story that is structured into sections which skip several years between each of the parts is ironic in that Dexter does not achieve his winter dream because it was impossible from the start.Winter Dreams is a short story that is universal.   It spoke volumes to people of the nineteen twenties and to every generation since.   When people chase winter dreams, they will fade before their eyes just like the season.

Unbroken Essay Essay Example

Unbroken Essay Essay Example Unbroken Essay Paper Unbroken Essay Paper Unbroken Essay Unbroken is a non-fiction book written by Laura Hildebrand. Unbroken is about Lieu Simpering, an Italian American that lives in Torrance, California, soon to be an Olympic miler and bombardier of the air force. He was born in January 26, 1 917, at 5 years old, Lieu would smoke cigarettes while walking to kindergarten, and at 8 years old he would start drinking. He had a very troublesome childhood; he would steal around his neighborhood and would eat anything that was edible. He would be bullied because he was a small kid hen his dad taught him how to fight so, then he started picking fights but he always admired his older brother Pete. One day when Lieu was caught sneaking people in to a basketball game by using his home key (he found out theres a 1/50 chance of a fitting a key to any lock), was later almost suspended by the principal and was no longer able to participate in any sport or school activity. Pete begged to the principle to let Lieu participate in a sport in which later Pete convinced Lieu to join track and found out he was good at running but Lieu didnt like running so, he did it for the applause. Pete started coaching Lieu and he commenced to break records and earned the nickname Torrance Tornado. Lieu participated in an Olympic 5000 qualifier and lost but despite the loss he got invited to the final of the Olympic in NY. He was able to compete in the Berlin Olympics of 1936 even though he placed in 2nd place in the finals in a finish so close, Lieu later said, you couldnt put a hair be;men us. When missing 7th place he impresses the audience and meets Hitler who says, Ah, youre the boy with the fast finish. What was so impressive was his sat lap which broke record his final time, 14:46. 8, was by far the fastest 5000 run by any American in 1 936, almost 12 seconds faster than Lashs best for the year. Lieu got in trouble with the Nazis when he wanted to take the Nazi flag as a souvenir and later replied that he wanted a souvenir of the happy time he had had in beautiful Germany so they let him go and let him take the flag. When the press wanted to hear about Louses adventure he had 2 versions of how he got the flag in one version, Hitler himself had allowed him to keep the flag. In another, Lieu had concealed the flag so cleverly that it was never discovered. He had done it all, went the story, to win the heart of a girl. After the Olympics were finished the Olympic Village was transformed into a military barracks. Coming back from the Olympics Lieu attended the University of Southern California, making friends with Jimmie Assai, who was later found out as a Japanese spy/war criminal whose attempts to pass as a student were apparently an elaborate ruse. Lieu was looking forward to the next Olympics but was later cancelled because of World War II. In 1941, Lieu joined the Army Corps, but drops out later on. But, Lieu doesnt read the papers Of resignation from the Air corps to find out later after signing he had agreed to rejoin them so he became a bombardier. Louses aircrew was made up of Phillips, temporary co-pilot gross, Simpering, Mitchell, Douglas, Pillsbury, Clansman, Monster, Lambert, and Brooked. They were a very talented crew and their first mission that was also successful was on Wake Atoll. After the battle of Naira, some of the men survived an attack on their base on Funfair. Their first plane was called superman but was later unable to function after contact by some zeros where 2 crewmen died from bleeding in the skull and another from being shot. Their plane after Superman was Green Hornet which wasnt air worthy, had new crew members and had engine failures over 200 miles from base and caused them to crash and as a result only Lieu, Mac, and Phil survived. They drifted in the Pacific Ocean for 46 days. The first day Mac panicked and ate all of the food rations. They survived on the birds to use as bait and sometimes food when they didnt catch any pilot fish. When dying of thirst Lieu prayed to god and promised, If god would quench their thirst, he vowed, hed dedicate his life to him. Rain would fall the next day. Before reaching land Mac died and the Japanese Ana captured them. The Japanese didnt inform America of the capture of Lieu. They let Lieu and Phillip recover in a hospital then they Were transferred to a prisoner camp where they thought they Were going to be executed. Since Lieu was a famous Olympic runner, he was given harsh treatment by the guards. He was sent to a camp in Tokyo where he received ritual treatment from Mouthier Wattage a. K. A The Bird. A Japanese propagandist wanted to use Lieu to make pro-Japanese broadcasts to America then was punished for refusing. The men were completely cut off from news of the war until the guards let them go when the war was over. Lieu was sent to a hospital to realize later that he would never run again. When Lieu finally came home their family were ecstatic to see their once little Lieu was well alive but were not aware of his OPTS until during a homecoming he started having flashbacks and spit at any person that looked Japanese. He had nightmares when the Bird was beating him. After meeting Cynthia for 2 weeks he decided to ask her for marriage. Lieu became a hard drinker and sadly Cynthia wanted a divorce. Cynthia has a religious awakening and decides to not file a divorce after meeting Billy Graham. Cynthia managed to convince Lieu to attend a Billy Grahams sermon. Lieu remembers the day with Phillip where he promises to god, if he saved them, he would serve god forever. Lieu stops drinking, stops having nightmares, forgives The Bird, started giving talks and making appearances to tell his adventures.

Study Case Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Case Study Example The pursuit of innovation and efficiency led to operational excellence which was its competitive edge over rival companies. 2- Lincoln Electric’s vision was to be the world’s leading manufacturing company. The plan therefore was to produce high quality products at the lowest cost possible in order to transfer more value to its customer in terms of savings and to itself through increased sales volumes. The organization therefore adopted a flat structure to encourage communication and build trust between staff and other workers as well as guaranteeing job security in order for staff to be less resistant to change as need be. As a form of control the company used merit rating systems that analyzed individuals of four factors: dependability, quality, output, and ideas and cooperation. 3- James Lincoln believed that through competition and incentive every person could develop to his or her full potential (Fast and Berg 4). This assertion resembles the optimistic and positive view of workers advanced by McGregor’s Theory Y. Lincoln therefore believed that he had put in place the right environment (and cultural paradigm) that enabled workers be responsible, self-direct and be creative. Other policies that Lincoln instituted such as guaranteeing employment for workers and year-end bonuses pegged on merit ratings point towards Maslow’s theory. Guaranteeing employment allows workers to satisfy physiological needs and to some extent safety needs. The bonus incentives on the other hand allow workers to reach towards greater goals or to afford higher needs such as new car, home etc. which are esteem needs. 4- Belief in workers’ ability to self-manage; be creative; and institution of reward schemes that are not capped directly contributed to Lincoln’s dominating performance over its competitors for two reasons. Firstly, it kept staff motivated. Motivated staff increases productivity which increases returns. Secondly, employees stick around